Patty said:
Once the Bolsheviks gained controll of the soviets it proved an absolute impossiblity to remove them, as a party, from that position. To the point that before long the most revolutionary elements of the russian working class found them selves in a struggle against Bolsheviek domination. The most well known incedent that gave expression to this was the Krodstadt Rebellion. Lenin and the Bolshevieks were very good at talking and writing about workers controll and workers democracy but as soon as they were in a position to use state power against it they did not hesitate.
The soviets didn't function at the time of the Kronstadt uprising. There was a collapse of industry the towns, which were in crisis. The minority urban working class had been decimated by war and a massive reduction in the urban populations followed as workers, now unemployed returned to their peasant families in the countryside. At this time, the aim of the Bolsheviks was to hold on to power and fight to inspire the success of workers' struggles against capitalism in 'one or several advanced countries'.
The Kronstadt sailors, who had been at the head of the Bolshevik revolution and suffered death and woundings were later replaced by conscripts from the rural districts. The Bolsheviks referred to them as 'peasant lads in sailor suits.' Due to the civil war, as in most of Russia, working class leaders, the ones who had fought the hardest within the Red Army, were gone.
By 1921 more than three quarters of the sailors in the Baltic Fleet stationed at Kronstadt were recent recruits of peasant origin. This was a complete reversal of the situation in 1917, when the majority were recruited from the industrial centre of Petrograd, the heart of the workers' revolution in Russia.
The leader of the uprising of March 1921, was himself a Ukrainian peasant, who acknowledged that many of his fellow mutineers were peasants from the south and who were in sympathy with the peasant opposition movement against the Bolsheviks.
With peasant backwardness came backward ideas, expressed in anti-semitism. Another leader of the uprising announced to a Soviet detachment: 'Enough of your "hoorahs", and join with us to beat the Jews. It's their cursed domination that we workers and peasants have to endure.' A seaman, also involved in the Kronstadt uprising referred to the Bolshevik regime as the 'first Jewish republic', he called the Soviet government's ultimatum to retreat 'the ultimatum of the Jew Trotsky.'
Meetings that were called to address the sailors concerns degenerated into chaos, as people were heckled and not allowed to speak. Later, a
non-elected body was formed by those leading the rebellion (interesting to note that Petrograd workers supported the Bolsheviks against the Kronstadt uprising), which was tantamount to a declaration of war against the Bolshevik state.
Lenin's became suspicious of an international conspiracy linked up with the Kronstadt events. A discovery of a handwritten memorandum preserved in the Columbia University Russian Archive, dated 1921 and marked 'Top Secret' appears to vindicate Lenin with regard to his suspicions at the time.
The document includes detailed information about the plans of the Kronstadt rebellion. It also details White army and French government support for the Kronstadt sailors' rebellion. Apparently, it was written by an organisation called the National Centre, which originated at the beginning in 1918 as a self identified 'underground organisation formed in Russia for the struggle against the Bolsheviks.'
Despite being unaware of the secret document, the Bolshevik leaders rightly perceived the rebellion as a step to counter-revolution. The world's ruling classes also perceived this way.
The rebellion was suppressed militarily and some 8,000 Kronstadt rebels fled to Finland, where some, including their leader Petrichenko, openly identified their links with the White army.
The repression of the uprising by the Bolsheviks was, as Trotsky described it in August of 1940 (the same month in which he died at the hand of a Stalinist agent), a 'tragic necessity.'