http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchist_Black_Cross
For many years, the origin of the organization was under dispute, but recent documents have resurfaced that has narrowed down the time frame. According to Rudolph Rocker, once the treasurer for the Anarchist Red Cross in London, the organization was founded during the "hectic period between 1900 and 1905." Most material discussing ABC history points to this era as the birth of this group. However, according to Harry Weinstein, one of the two men who began the organization, the activties of the group began after his arrest in July or August of 1906. Once released, Weinstein and others provided clothing to anarchist sentenced to exile in Siberia. The group broke off from the Political Red Cross - an organization that provided support for all revolutionary political prisoners- when Weinstein and other anarchists received no support despite ample donations from the anarchist community. Weinstein continued his efforts in Russia until his arrival in New York in May of 1907. Once there, he helped to create the New York Anarchist Red Cross.
During the Russian Civil War (1918-20), the group's name was changed, so as to avoid confusion with the Red Cross. In this era, the groups used various names including: Chicago Aid Fund, Society to Aid Anarchist Prisoners in Russia, Joint Committee to Aid Revolutions Imprisoned in Russia, and the Anarchist Black Cross. During the 1960s, it was reformed in Britain by Stuart Christie and Albert Meltzer with a focus on providing aid for anarchist prisoners in Francisco Franco's Spain. The reason for this was Christie's experience of the fascist regime's jail and the importance of receiving food parcels. At that time there were no international groups acting for Spanish anarchist and Resistance prisoners. The first action of the re-activated group was to bring Miguel Garcia, who Christie met in prison, out of Spain on his release. He went on to act as the group's International secretary, working for the release of others[3].
The organization continued to grow, spreading throughout Europe and North America. In 1995, ABC chapters in the US merged into a Federation- the Anarchist Black Cross Federation. While other formations tried to startup, they were unable to maintain long term support. Around 2001, a new organization, Anarchist Black Cross Network, began and attempted to present themselves as an alternative to the ABC Federation. A conflict existed until members of both organization sat down at the Break the Chains conference; since then the two groups have tried to develop a working relationship.